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Vitamin E – Small Risk, Big
CONSEQUENCES
Many people supplement their diets with natural or synthetic vitamin E with the hope of preventing cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer and other health conditions. But, recent evidence has shown virtually no widespread benefit of vitamin E supplementation. Moreover, vitamin E may actually increase the risk of stroke.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant, readily available in many foods: wheat germ, seeds and nuts, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, blue crab, rockfish, mangoes, olives, avocadoes, and many more. The recommended daily intake of vitamin E for most adults is 15 mg/day. A vitamin E deficiency is rare.
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Humans experience pleasure from a variety of stimuli, including food, money, and psychoactive drugs. Such pleasures are largely made possible by a brain chemical called dopamine, which activates what is known as the mesolimbic system — a network of interconnected brain regions that mediate reward. Most often, rewarding stimuli are biologically necessary for survival (such as food), can directly stimulate activity of the mesolimbic system (such as some psychoactive drugs), or are tangible items (such as money). However, humans can experience pleasure from more abstract stimuli, such as art or music, which do not fit into any of these categories. Such stimuli have persisted across countless generations and remain important in daily life today. Interestingly, the experience of pleasure from these abstract stimuli is highly specific to cultural and personal preferences.
Recent brain imaging studies indicate that dopamine-rich areas of the brain become activated when people listen to music or during learning when food and money are presented as rewards. However, these studies cannot exclude the possibility that chemicals other than dopamine contribute to this brain activity. In addition, animal studies indicate that reward can occur in the brain even in the absence of dopamine. The precise role of dopamine in eliciting brain activity that mediates pleasurable experiences has not been well-studied with brain imaging techniques, especially in humans actively engaged in these pleasurable experiences.
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